Yoshkar-Ola (Mari and Russian: Йошка́р-Ола́) is a city in Russia and is the capital of the Mari El Republic. The name means red city in Mari. The early names were Tsaryovokokshaysk (during the Imperial period) and Krasnokokshaysk (during some years of Soviet rule before the city was renamed to Yoshkar-Ola). Early names were derived from the river Small Kokshaga, which runs through the city. During the Soviet era, especially post-WWII, the city was a regional industrial and transport center and grew to its current size. The collapse of the Soviet Union removed the artificial support for inefficient state enterprises, and led to the shutdown of most manufacturing activity in the area. Much of the city's economic activity was supported by shuttle traders who would transport (often counterfeit) goods from the bustling markets of Moscow to Yoshkar-Ola's bazaars. The sharp decline in living standards led to the emigration of specialized professionals to larger cities in Russia. A Strategic Rocket Forces base is located nearby.
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