Baeza is a town of approximately 15,000 in Andalusia, Spain, in the province of Jaén, perched on a cliff in the Loma de Úbeda, a mountain range between the river Guadalquivir on the south and its tributary the Guadalimar on the north. The town has existed since Roman times, when it was called Beatia, but it is chiefly known today as having many of the best-preserved examples of Italian Renaissance architecture in Spain. UNESCO added Baeza and Ubeda to the World Heritage Sites list in 2003. In the middle ages Baeza was a flourishing Moorish city, said to contain 50,000 inhabitants, but it fell to the forces of Ferdinand III of Castile in 1227. The Cordova and Úbeda gates, and the arch of Baeza, are among the remains of its Moorish fortifications. In the 16th century, Baeza and nearby Úbeda grew rich from the production of textiles, and local nobles hired important architects, such as Andrés de Vandelvira, to design new palaces, churches and public squares in the fashionable Italian style. The economy collapsed in the 17th century, which had the fortunate side effect of preserving Baeza's Renaissance architectural legacy, because few newer structures were built. Baeza appears much more Italian than Spanish, with an unusual sense of lightness, order, and proportion. Baeza's chief Renaissance structures are the university, established in 1538, which is now a summer school for the University of Granada, the Catedral de Santa María, the Palacio de Jabalquinto, and the squares of Plaza de España and the Paseo de la Constitucíon. All of these sites are located within walking distance of each other, in what is called the Zona Monumental. Baeza is 327 km (203 miles) by highway south of Madrid. It has a RENFE rail station (Linares - Baeza) 9 miles southwest on the Linares-Almeria railway and bus transportation from Granada, Málaga and Madrid. The nearest international airports are in Granada, 132 km (82 miles) south and Málaga, 241 km (150 miles) to the southwest.